What Purposes do IPRs and Standards Serve - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1311 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“IPRs and Standards serve different purposes: IPRs are destined for private exclusive use, Standards are intended for public, collective useà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Institute (ETSI) IPR Special Committee With the proliferation of network economy, a common design for the products or technology that can be used universally takes a front seat. Standardization does exactly the same. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Purposes do IPRs and Standards Serve?" essay for you Create order A standard can be defined as a set of technical specifications which seeks to provide a common design for a product or process[1]. Standards improve compatibility and quality of products and services in the market. In the economic market, the consumers prefer to choose a product that is compatible with other services, hence inter-operatability is the key for the interplay between various technologies and that is achieved through the help of standards. Standards influence almost every facet of our lives. Standards are pervasive[2]. We could exchange emails, talk over phones, use a socket plug etc all give an ample support to the interface standards, allowing compatibility between products made by different manufacturers. The requirement of standards is not state-of-the-art concept. Carl Shapiro gives an example of the benefits of standardization narrating a Baltimore incident: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“during the great Baltimore fire of 1904, fire fighters called in from neighboring cities w ere unable to fight the blaze effectively because their hoses would not fit the Baltimore hydrants. The following year, national standards for fire hoses were adopted[3].From the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s outlook, standardization is seen as an instrument that backs varied national public policies, such as public health policy, industry policy and trade policy. In reference to consumers, interoperability helps in better use of a product and gives various options to choose from that results in competition and hence, low prices. The need for developing the standards makes crucial for various firms to get together to develop and promote a standard and also to make products that are compatible with such standard. More often than not, these standards incorporate a technology that is covered by one or two patents. Thus standard setting organizations faced with a situation where companies claim to own proprietary rights over that standard[4]. This restricts the industry to adopt a st andard without the permission from patent holder. Thus, if patent holders enforce their rights in such a way that hamper the widest use of standards, some antagonism between the two systems may arise. This is precisely the coverage of my paper. It is to be seen that common thread runs through patents and standards. If the best patented technology is used in standards for the widest use of public at reasonable cost, then they both serve certain common objectives insofar as they both encourage or support innovation as well as the diffusion of technology. However, all is not well between standards and patents. The use of patented technology in industry standards has drawn a meaningful attention. There is an inherent conflict between the two and it has become a contentious topic for the standard setting organizations, consumers and patent holders to now create a balance between the two. This particular tension comes to the surface when the technology used by the standard is covere d by one or more patents. Indeed, on the one hand, the objective of a standard setting organization (SSO), which in many cases consists of companies interested in the development of the technology in question, is to establish standardized technology that can be used as widely as possible in the market. On the other hand, patent owners in the relevant area may have an interest in the adoption, in the standard, of their own patented technology in order to benefit, at a later stage, from royalties. This raises important questions for companies that own such protected technology, for individuals and companies involved in the standards-setting process as well as for all those enterprises which will then use or adopt the standard for their products or processes. Obviously, it would not be very productive to adopt a standard if an IPR holder can block the implementation of that standard by either refusing to grant a license or requiring such high royalties as to make it impossible for i ts dissemination. This is because patent holders have a bargaining chip to attract additional market-power during and after the process of standardization (through deceptive means or otherwise). Such market power can be used to charge unreasonable royalties for standards-essential patents from those who have implemented the standard in their products leading to lock-in[5]. The above perceived problem is important to be resolved and it is necessary to strike a proper balance between: the rights of the patent owner (licensor) to enjoy the full benefits of the patent, the rights of third parties (licensees) to make and sell standard-compliant products, as well as the public interest not to lock users into specific technology platforms, while recognizing that in daily life society benefits enormously from the advanced technology that standards can bring. In order to mitigate the risks posed by such conflict, Standards-setting bodies come up with their own patent policies that help in smooth and wide dissemination of technologies. SSOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s require the parties taking part in standard setting to disclose the information regarding relevant patents and patent applications and it compels its Members to resort to license their essential patents on reasonable and non-discriminatory (RAND) terms thus ensuring access to essential patents so that the standard is not blocked, but can be implemented in a commercially viable manner by all interested parties, including new entrants. However, there is growing concern in the market whether the standard-setting bodiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ IPR regimes can be potent enough to relieve that tension in the case of an unwilling à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" or indeed an unreasonable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" licensor (or licensee). In any case, they cannot address the situation of patent owners who are not st andard body members. This paper is thus an attempt to provide some insights on how patent is treated when standard is set, it illuminates upon the conflict between patent and standards and is centered on the following research questions: What is the conceptual relationship between standards and patents: complementary or conflict? How patent policies provided by SSO have failed to solve the dispute between patents and standards? OBJECTIVE: The paper will provide an overview of the current debate between patent and standards and will bring out the nature of conflict between the two, examining the current SSOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s policies in resolving the conflict. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: The researcher has examined various online sources to understand the conflict between patents and standards. The researcher has used the doctrinal method of research using various books, articles available in the Justice T.P.S. Chawla Law Library. Further, web based resources have also contributed to the project; including some law based databases and general search engines. [1] See Herbert Hovenkamp, Mark D. Janis Mark Lemley, IP and Antitrust: An Analysis of Antitrust Principles Applied to Intellectual Property Law, (2003-04) at 35.1. [2] See Janice M. Mueller, Patent Misuse through the capture of Industry Standards, Berkeley Technology Law Journal, Vol. 17, p. 623, 2002, available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1346546, last accessed on 8th January 2014. [3] Carl Shapiro, Setting Compatibility Standards: Cooperation or Collusion? Available at https://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/shapiro/standards.pdf , last accessed on 8th January 2014. [4] Mark R. Patterson, in his article asserts that patented invention and standards are two different things. Patentee is not allowed to get revenues out of the interoperatability of standards. Patentee is allowed to get revenues only for the invention that is used in the standard, available at https://www.law.berkeley.edu/journals/btlj/articles/vol17/PATTERSON.pdf , last accessed on 8th January 2014. [5] Mark Lemley and Carl Shapiro (2007), discusses how a threat to an injunction enhances the patent holders negotiating power when the patented technology is used in standards leading to royalty stacking and patent hold up, available at https://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/shapiro/stacking.pdf , last accessed on 8th January 2013.

Kindergarten Vocabulary A Literature Review - 1488 Words

Kindergarten Vocabulary: A Literature Review of Effective Instruction Introduction When students enter into the kindergarten classroom, they are greeted with a plethora of new knowledge that they may have previously not had exposure, such as phonics, phonemic awareness, fluency, comprehension, and vocabulary. Within these, vocabulary is often a major struggle for many children in kindergarten. Young children are often exposed to vocabulary through conversations, but not in a manner of teaching it explicitly. Through this literature review it was my goal as a researcher to find primary studies that focused on high quality instruction in the field of emergent vocabulary, especially in the kindergarten classroom. This topic came into fruition through wanting to understand literacy practices in kindergarten classrooms, since the implementation of Common Core State Standards. I began the research through developing a list of key words and terms that were relevant to my chosen topic of kindergarten vocabulary instruction. These terms included, but were not limited to ki ndergarten vocabulary instruction, effective vocabulary instruction, vocabulary instruction, and kindergarten classroom practices. Using Eagle search, Education Full Text, and Google Scholar I was able to find four pertinent studies using the key term â€Å"kindergarten vocabulary instruction†. After reading the abstracts of these four studies, I changed the key terms and searched emergent vocabulary instruction,Show MoreRelatedChapter Two : Review Of Literature1584 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ'Chapter Two: Review of Literature Teachers in the United States are facing a new challenge. According to Capps (2007), at the time of the 2000 census, there were 3 million foreign born children in the United States and one fifth of the students in public schools were children of immigrants. 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Reading instruction typically starts in kindergarten with the alphabeticRead MoreStudent Comprehension Through Vocabulary : An Action Research Project1533 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Vibrant Vocabulary† Increaseing Student Comprehension through Vocabulary An Action Research Project By: Nicole Grummert Crete Public Schools Fall Semester 2015 Research Methods, EDU 603, 604 Doane College Dr. Marilyn Johnson-Farr Table of Contents Permission Letter to Administration Permission Letter to Parents/Guardians Introduction Context of Study Purpose of Study Significance of the Study Personal Relevance Primary Questions Guiding Questions Literature Review Research

Deception Point Page 28 Free Essays

Should I consult Sexton? She quickly decided against it. He was in a meeting. Besides, if she told him about this e-mail, she’d have to tell him about the others. We will write a custom essay sample on Deception Point Page 28 or any similar topic only for you Order Now She decided her informant’s offer to meet in public in broad daylight must be to make Gabrielle feel safe. After all, this person had done nothing but help her for the last two weeks. He or she was obviously a friend. Reading the e-mail one last time, Gabrielle checked the clock. She had an hour. 30 The NASA administrator was feeling less edgy now that the meteorite was successfully out of the ice. Everything is falling into place, he told himself as he headed across the dome to the work area of Michael Tolland. Nothing can stop us now. â€Å"How’s it coming?† Ekstrom asked, striding up behind the television scientist. Tolland glanced up from his computer, looking tired but enthusiastic. â€Å"Editing is almost done. I’m just overlaying some of the extraction footage your people shot. Should be done momentarily.† â€Å"Good.† The President had asked Ekstrom to upload Tolland’s documentary to the White House as soon as possible. Although Ekstrom had been cynical about the President’s desire to use Michael Tolland on this project, seeing the rough cuts of Tolland’s documentary had changed Ekstrom’s mind. The television star’s spirited narrative, combined with his interviews of the civilian scientists, had been brilliantly fused into a thrilling and comprehensible fifteen minutes of scientific programming. Tolland had achieved effortlessly what NASA so often failed to do-describe a scientific discovery at the level of the average American intellect without being patronizing. â€Å"When you’re done editing,† Ekstrom said, â€Å"bring the finished product over to the press area. I’ll have someone upload a digital copy to the White House.† â€Å"Yes, sir.† Tolland went back to work. Ekstrom moved on. When he arrived at the north wall, he was encouraged to find the habisphere’s â€Å"press area† had come together nicely. A large blue carpet had been rolled out on the ice. Centered on the rug sat a long symposium table with several microphones, a NASA drape, and an enormous American flag as a backdrop. To complete the visual drama, the meteorite had been transported on a palette sled to its position of honor, directly in front of the symposium table. Ekstrom was pleased to see the mood in the press area was one of celebration. Much of his staff was now crowded around the meteorite, holding their hands out over its still-warm mass like campers around a campfire. Ekstrom decided that this was the moment. He walked over to several cardboard boxes sitting on the ice behind the press area. He’d had the boxes flown in from Greenland this morning. â€Å"Drinks are on me!† he yelled, handing out cans of beer to his cavorting staff. â€Å"Hey, boss!† someone yelled. â€Å"Thanks! It’s even cold!† Ekstrom gave a rare smile. â€Å"I’ve been keeping it on ice.† Everyone laughed. â€Å"Wait a minute!† someone else yelled, scowling good-naturedly at his can. â€Å"This stuff’s Canadian! Where’s your patriotism?† â€Å"We’re on a budget, here, folks. Cheapest stuff I could find.† More laughter. â€Å"Attention shoppers,† one of the NASA television crew yelled into a megaphone. â€Å"We’re about to switch to media lighting. You may experience temporary blindness.† â€Å"And no kissing in the dark,† someone yelled. â€Å"This is a family program!† Ekstrom chuckled, enjoying the raillery as his crew made final adjustments to the spotlights and accent lighting. â€Å"Switching to media lighting in five, four, three, two†¦ â€Å" The dome’s interior dimmed rapidly as the halogen lamps shut down. Within seconds, all the lights were off. An impenetrable darkness engulfed the dome. Someone let out a mock scream. â€Å"Who pinched my ass?† someone yelled, laughing. The blackness lasted only a moment before it was pierced by the intense glare of media spotlights. Everyone squinted. The transformation was now complete; the north quadrant of the NASA habisphere had become a television studio. The remainder of the dome now looked like a gaping barn at night. The only light in the other sections was the muted reflection of the media lights reflecting off the arched ceiling and throwing long shadows across the now deserted work stations. Ekstrom stepped back into the shadows, gratified to see his team carousing around the illuminated meteorite. He felt like a father at Christmas, watching his kids enjoy themselves around the tree. God knows they deserve it, Ekstrom thought, never suspecting what calamity lay ahead. 31 The weather was changing. Like a mournful harbinger of impending conflict, the katabatic wind let out a plaintive howl and gusted hard against the Delta Force’s shelter. Delta-One finished battening down the storm coverings and went back inside to his two partners. They’d been through this before. It would soon pass. Delta-Two was staring at the live video feed from the microbot. â€Å"You better look at this,† he said. Delta-One came over. The inside of the habisphere was in total darkness except for the bright lighting on the north side of the dome near the stage. The remainder of the habisphere appeared only as a dim outline. â€Å"It’s nothing,† he said. â€Å"They’re just testing their television lighting for tonight.† â€Å"The lighting’s not the problem.† Delta-Two pointed to the dark blob in the middle of the ice-the water-filled hole from which the meteorite had been extracted. â€Å"That’s the problem.† Delta-One looked at the hole. It was still surrounded by pylons, and the surface of the water appeared calm. â€Å"I don’t see anything.† â€Å"Look again.† He maneuvered the joystick, spiraling the microbot down toward the surface of the hole. As Delta-One studied the darkened pool of melted water more closely, he saw something that caused him to recoil in shock. â€Å"What the†¦?† Delta-Three came over and looked. He too looked stunned. â€Å"My God. Is that the extraction pit? Is the water supposed to be doing that?† â€Å"No,† Delta-One said. â€Å"It sure as hell isn’t.† 32 Although Rachel Sexton was currently sitting inside a large metal box situated three thousand miles from Washington, D.C., she felt the same pressure as if she’d been summoned to the White House. The videophone monitor before her displayed a crystal clear image of President Zach Herney seated in the White House communications room before the presidential seal. The digital audio connection was flawless, and with the exception of an almost imperceptible delay, the man could have been in the next room. Their conversation was upbeat and direct. The President seemed pleased, though not at all surprised, by Rachel’s favorable assessment of NASA’s find and of his choice to use Michael Tolland’s captivating persona as a spokesman. The President’s mood was good-natured and jocular. â€Å"As I’m sure you will agree,† Herney said, his voice growing more serious now, â€Å"in a perfect world, the ramifications of this discovery would be purely scientific in nature.† He paused, leaning forward, his face filling the screen. â€Å"Unfortunately, we don’t live in a perfect world, and this NASA triumph is going to be a political football the moment I announce it.† â€Å"Considering the conclusive proof and who you’ve recruited for endorsements, I can’t imagine how the public or any of your opposition will be able to do anything other than accept this discovery as confirmed fact.† Herney gave an almost sad chuckle. â€Å"My political opponents will believe what they see, Rachel. My concerns are that they won’t like what they see.† How to cite Deception Point Page 28, Essay examples

Oskar Schindlers metamorposis Essay Example For Students

Oskar Schindlers metamorposis Essay In the film Schindlers List, Oskar Schindler undergoes a dramatic metamorphosis. Discuss. The film Schindlers List depicts the transformation of its main protagonist, Oskar Schindler, from an opportunist war profiteer to the saviour of over one thousand Jews. He is originally depicted as a womanizer and a Nazi sympathizer, however he becomes an accidental saviour through his plan to utilize Jewish workers for his own gain. His metamorphosis is triggered by the exposure to atrocities committed by Nazis. Schindler becomes a genuine saviour motivated purely by saving as many lives as he can. His compilation of the list and eventual support of the Schindler Jews in Brinnlitz is evidence of his pure humanitarianism and transformationIn the beginning of Schindlers List, Schindler is portrayed as suave, opportunistic, manipulator whose main motivation is to profit in any way he can from the war. In the first five scenes we see (through the clever use of camera angle) Schindlers assessment o f Nazi officers. He uses money to bribe waiters and changes from an unknown observer of the party to the life of the party. He is able to use social engineering to buy items from the black market, keep Stern from being sent to a camp and also to manipulate Nazi officers into approving his Jewish slavery-based company. He is a womanizer, and enjoys the fine thinks in life. In a discussion with his wife he says, I want to do something extraordinary. He considers this to be coming to Poland with no money and leaving as a rich man. He does indeed accomplish something extraordinary, however it is not what he initially imagines it to be. Schindlers enamel factory, while only a place for Jews to work, creates a safe haven for its Jewish workers, and this only results in Schindler becoming an accidental hero. Schindler is still motivated by money; he hires cheap Jewish labour, which means more money for him. Being an opportunist, the war is in favour of him, as he is only interested in the money. Whilst there is perhaps evidence of a slow transformation occurring, Schindler is still unwilling to take responsibility of the good he has done for the Jews in his factory, like hiring the one armed worker. When Schindler saves Stern from going to a death camp he indicates that it is purely for his own benefit as mentioned with now what would I do without you. When a young girl comes to ask Schindler to take her parents on, Schindler is outraged that his factory is seen as a haven for Jews. However, he does eventually take the parents in, which indicates that a metamorphosis is perhaps taking place. It could be argued that the catalyst of metamorphosis from a materialistic war profiteer to a true humanitarian is his witnessing of the atrocities perpetuated by the Nazi Party. In the liquidation scene, the little girl in red coat is symbolic of Schindlers realisation of the atrocities taking place all around him. She represents the innocent and the suffering of all her people. Schindlers construction of the list demonstrates his change from being a self-confessed criminal to his feelings of regret for not doing more to help the Jewish cause. He is acknowledging that he has played a part in securing some of the lives of the Jewish people through his list. The end of the film sees the end result of Oscars transformation. He changes from a money-hungry war criminal to a humanitarian hero through his realisation of the impact that the war had on him and all those around him. He tells himself that he could have saved more lives, and this completes his metamorphosis from a person who wants material goods to a person who acknowledges that he could have done more to help others. His dramatic metamorphosis is needed to progress to his realisation that he had saved lives, and could have saved more.

Adam Smith Self-interest and The Wealth of Nations free essay sample

In Adam Smith’s monumental work, The Wealth of Nations, he explains how it is generally the inherent human nature of self-love that is pushing the economy to flourish, and a system that allows for people to liberally seek their best interests would actually end up increasing the wealth of the entire nation (Smith). The premise that Adam Smith bases this on is that when people are given the opportunity to do so, their primary instinct is to do what hey perceive is the best action for them (Smith). However, in committing these actions, the person is often found contributing unintentionally as it may be to the benefit of other people (Smith). When a grocer attempts to gain more customers by lowering his prices below those of his competitor, the lower prices benefit his customers. However, there is no altruism in the grocer’s action because his main intention is to gain a better market share than his competitor. We will write a custom essay sample on Adam Smith: Self-interest and The Wealth of Nations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a reaction, the competitor would also lower prices and this creates a system which in the end benefits the consumers the most. Adam Smith then expands this explanation to the scale of an entire nation, where corporations, wanting to create more and more merchandise for its consumers so that it can gain greater revenue, would establish more factories and hire more workers and would divide labor among its workers such that specific groups will only do specific tasks, thereby increasing the production total (Smith). Over time, these actions would create infrastructure, generate jobs, and make the economy run to greater heights, thus increasing the nation’s wealth (Smith). Without the incentive of gain, people would not want to form companies. It is the possibility to gain that drives people to create companies that in turn generate extensive production of goods. What would prevent the capitalists from taking advantage of the freedom is â€Å"invisible hand† (Smith) that guides the market, if the capitalist make a product too expensive, not many would be willing buy it and the incentive to create an alternative for it would increase, eventually forcing the capitalist to lower the prices to acceptable levels.

Significance of Three in Heart of Darkness Essay Example

Significance of Three in Heart of Darkness Essay Example Significance of Three in Heart of Darkness Paper Significance of Three in Heart of Darkness Paper Essay Topic: Heart Of Darkness Devil of Greed, Devil of Hot Desire -three women -three breaks where Marrow Is Interrupted In his story. -dying of fever three a day Outer, Central, and Inner First, notice that the book Is delved Into three chapters. It might be profitable to ask what happens in each of those chapters, and why Conrad chooses to make the breaks where he does. It is also worth noting that Marrow breaks off his story exactly three times?three times the outside narrator comes back to say somethingonce in heaper one, twice in chapter two, and not at all until the end in chapter three. I would like to suggest that it will be worth your while to see what Marrow is talking about in the page or so before each break, and how it relates to what the outside narrator says is happening on the Newly, and to what Marrow says when he starts speaking again. Are there other things that come in threes in Heart of Darkness? How about the three stations of Marrows Journey? Or the three women who frame his journeyhis aunt, Quartzs African girlfriend, and the Intended? And what about the here possible central characters: Kurt, Marrow, and the outside narrator? Im sure if you inspect the book closely you can find other patterns that come in threes. Symbolism of Three The three divisions of time past, present and future. Why Conrad choose to use three -Three narrators = The Trinity, three parts of a human (outer, Inner, and the connector), past/present/future -Three Parts of the book He clearly achieves what he outlines In the preface to another book: My task which I am trying to achieve is, by the power of the written word to make you hear, to make o feel?it Is, before all, to make you see. It Is difficult not to hear, feel, or see this story when reading It. Two Knitting Women (whom Marrow sees at the slung) Did these ladles creep you out or what?

Diabetes Fact Sheet For African American Women Essay

Diabetes Fact Sheet For African American Women - Essay Example A number of factors account for this but most outstanding could be sighted as the fact that there is a high level of disparity in the provision of quality healthcare to all areas of the American population. Records also have it that diabetes is a disease that poses so much health threat to affected persons. Consequently, a refusal by stakeholders, especially the government to address the issue would mean that the human resource base of the country will be jeopardized because the greater part of the United States workforce would be an ailing one. Among the African American women population, there are other critical statistics of facts that are worth elaborating as far as diabetes is concerned. This is because it is a fact that other risk factors such as age and family history can hardly be controlled. Subsequently, African American women who are over the age of 50 are more likely to get diabetes than those of other ages. Again, 45% of African American women are from homes with a histo ry of diabetes. What this means is that 45% are at risk as far as risk factors are concerned.In conclusion, it would be said that preventive primary healthcare delivery must be intensified among the African American population. Policy experts can make good of this fact sheet by ensuring that in their primary healthcare campaigns, African American women are admonished to maintain a healthy weight; eat low-fat, well-balanced diet; make physical exercise a habit; and reduce alcohol intake (Women Health, 2012).

Operation Management - Inventory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Operation Management - Inventory - Essay Example The top-level management formulates the strategy and modifies it over time, while the other department officers make tactical decisions to assist in executing the strategy. The term â€Å"waste† can be defined as anything used in production process other than the minimum amount of time, materials, tools, people, equipments, and space required to add value to the product or service (Focusing on the waste, 2006).Inventory is commonly regarded as one of the seven wastes of lean manufacturing. Inventory can be piled up at various stages of the production process such as, raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods as stock. Organizations often maintain much higher levels of inventory that what is required for the production of goods and services. On the other hand, the customers choose the Just-in-time (JIT) principle to purchase goods and services to fulfill their wants. Every piece of inventory held by the organization has a physical cost connected with it, which must be bore directly by the organization either from the cash balance or from borrowings that carries a rate of interest with it. The essential factor to be remembered in the business operation is that â€Å"cash is king†, and if too many things such as, inventory are tied up with the cash, it may not be available to the organization to use it in elsewhere in its business. Apart from the physical costs, the inventory also has some secondary or less obvious costs. Such costs include cost transportation and movement of inventory from place to another, cost of stores needed to hoard it, cost of containers to preserve it, cost of management for keeping track of it, cost of damage and losses occurring while transportation, cost of writing off materials in case became outdated, and also cost of insuring the inventory. Thus, there are many costs connected with inventory; some of them are more obvious while others are not as evident as others. These costs directly affect the profitability cutting down the profit margin. They cause increasing the organizations’ lead times as well its operating costs, which ultimately results in customer dissatisfaction that provokes them to take their business elsewhere. The essential factor that results in excess production is a mistrust of the organization’s suppliers, production process and even customers. Such suspicions causes the organization to always maintain a â€Å"comfort stock† to enhance a satisfactory buffering if the operations are not going in line with its plans; in fact, the plan often seems failing. When a comfortable stock is in effect, it provides a buffering against such problems that occur in the business, so that the problems fail to impact the operations that they would otherwise. These circumstances force the managers to ignore such issues associated with inventory considering them to be a matter of unimportance. However, these are all costing the organization money. For instance, the lev el of inventory can be exemplified as the sea; if the organization drops the level then it starts to expose the rocks below and have to take actions either to remove them or to reduce their size in order to continue a smooth sail on for the ship of production without getting sunk (Leanman, 2011). As Martin points out, the most

Ethical or social responsibility issue related to aviation Research Paper

Ethical or social responsibility issue related to aviation - Research Paper Example The employees are required to comply with the letters of the guidelines as well as the spirit of the guidelines. The formal codes of ethical documents are important in analyzing the different companies and rating them (Hoppe, 2007). The rating is based on the practical implementation of these codes. It is harder than it seems to implement these codes due to the various inherent limitations on a day-to-day basis. Therefore, the aviation industry has guidelines on how the codes will be followed. The codes cover the major issues that the airlines face on a day-to-day basis and need to be addressed constantly. These issues are under different topics depending on different airlines, but can be summarized in three main parts; conflict interest, asset protection and working together. Conflict of interest arises when employees encounter situations where they have to choose between the airline’s interests and their own interests (Hoppe, 2007). Most airlines can pinpoint the various sit uations where conflict of interest may arise, and have guidelines on what actions the employees should take when such situations arise. An example is a situation where an employee receives gifts and rewards from customers, suppliers or other stakeholders in the company for a job done. It is common for some passengers to give stewards gifts for their services in the plane. If the customer enjoys good services while travelling with a certain airline, and feels the urge to reward the company, they are likely to reward the stewards since they are the people with whom they are in direct contact. If the employees accept such gifts, they may compromise their moral obligations to the employer if they feel obliged to meet the gift givers’ demands instead of the employer’s interests. Most airlines stipulate, in their code of ethics, that the employees should not receive gifts especially when the gifts are excessive or too lavish. Most of the passengers who fly a lot are likely t o be wealthy, and are likely to give expensive gifts. In this case, the employee who receives the reward should talk to the human resource department in the specific airline if they believe that their ethical conduct might be compromised. Another situation occurs when employees request rewards from clients when they realize that they have to work hard in providing services to these clients (Hoppe, 2007). This is in spite of the fact that the employees are employed to provide such services to the clients. The conflict of interest arises because the employees have to choose between asking for these gifts, thereby serving their own interest, or maintaining a good reputation for the airline. Most airlines strictly prohibit seeking rewards from clients. Another situation could be when employees work for a rival airline (Hoppe, 2007).

Death And Paralysis In The Sisters

Death And Paralysis In The Sisters In order to recognize that Joyces Dubliners is a work unified by death, it is necessary for one to return to the beginning, where a meticulous reading is paramount, and start again. The opening story, The Sisters, is concerned with death and its impact upon the living individuals left in its wake. If the reader considers its function as essentially an introductory chapter, one will start to detect a palpable semblance of unity throughout Dubliners, as this story establishes the overarching theme of death and its associated motifs: paralysis, silences, and epiphanies-the latter of which are inextricably rooted in the poetics of modernity. The Sisters is a story that is concerned with youth, which represents the beginning of a progression from childhood to maturity. In this regard, the storys form parallels the narrative for the reader, as the story at its heart is concerned with the young narrators developing awareness; at the same time, the reader starts to acquire a simultaneous awa reness of the afore-mentioned themes and motifs. As we shall see, The Sisters functions as a gnomon for the entire collection of stories, as its narrator is but one of many more who are stifled and subjugated by their environment-like a patient etherized upon a table, as the ubiquitous J. Alfred Prufrock might say (Eliott 1). The Sisters ushers the readers into the world of Dubliners through the eyes of a child narrator. The narrator, along with the reader, confronts images of death in the opening paragraph through a lighted square of window-analogous to the window-panes of J. Alfred Prufrock. It is here, at the very beginning, that the narrator introduces the word paralysis, heralding a theme which reoccurs with death throughout the entirety of Dubliners. In A Beginning: Signification, Story, and Discourse in Joyces The Sisters, Staley emphasizes the beginning paragraph as an overture for the themes, conflicts, and tensions that were to be evoked again and again à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ throughout all of Dubliners (20). Furthermore, Staley affirms that the initial sentences tone of finality and certainty à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ begins the circle of death for Dubliners (22). If one were to accept Staleys claim that the opening paragraph acts as an overture for the novel, it could then be argued that death and paralysis ar e not to be seen as separate entities in the context of Dubliners, but that the two are directly related, if not intertwined. Father Flynn, through his physical paralysis, comes to embody many of the characters in Dubliners, the majority of whom are paralyzed to some extent, whether it is physically, mentally, or emotionally. Later, the reader witnesses the manner in which death interrupts or arrests the living, as the narrator lays in the dark of [his] room and imagines that he sees the heavy grey face of the paralytic (Joyce 11). Already, one can intuit that the dead play a haunting role in Dubliners, as Gothic elements are common to modernist literature. This is evidenced here, as the narrator feels that he is smiling feebly like the paralytic priests cadaver (11). Indeed, at this point the living and dead start to merge as a single image, with the narrator mirroring the state of an immobile Father Flynn. In his critical essay on The Sisters, Corrington states that the boy and the old man fuse briefly through this smile, which contrasts elements of youth and death (24). The innocence of youth is tainted early in Dubliners, as death and Father Flynns deathly influence permeate The Sisters, looming behind both reader and narrator like an ominous shade. The child narrator may very well be a reflection of the reader, mirroring the thought processes that lead to a simultaneous realization of deaths paralyzing nature in the world of Dubliners. The narrators epiphany on deaths paralyzing quality is inadvertent, even ironic, as he calls attention to a sensation of freedom as if [he] had been freed from something by his death (Joyce 13). His actions in the story are contrary to this supposed sense of freedom; it becomes apparent that Father Flynns influence fills the silence that he left behind and acts as an interrupting force. Such a force bears similarities to the dead Catherines effect upon Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights, where the latters life is dominated by her memory. Indeed, the narrator goes so far as to anthropomorphize paralysis as a maleficent and sinful being that fill[s] [him] with fear, yet he long[s] to be nearer to it and to look upon its deadly work (Joyce 9). The boy is both repelled and oddly compelled by the paralysis he experiences here, which exposes his inability to be truly free from Father Flynns death. Therefore, paralysis can be regarded the work of death, as both the boy and his sisters find the mselves utterly torpid in the wake of Father Flynns passing. The boys inability to find any fraction of freedom from Father Flynns death becomes more evident as his mental haunting persists. Here, the child imagines the heavy grey face of the paralytic and feels the apparition follow [him] (Joyce 11). Father Flynn is referred to synecdochically here, defined by a heavy grey pallor that suggests death incarnate, further melding themes of death and paralysis. More importantly, perhaps, the narrator has rendered Father Flynn incomplete, a gnomon by definition. Joyce employs the Euclidian definition of gnomon: a remainder after something has been removed (Joyce 9). This depiction of Father Flynn becomes significant later when one considers who is left more complete by the end of the story, and further relates to Heathcliff of Wuthering Heights, who is left incomplete by his loss of Catherine, making him a gnomon of sorts as well. Nonetheless, this point illustrates the narrators inability, or perhaps reluctance, to be freed by Father Flynns passin g. Indeed, it seems significant that he imagine[s] Father Flynns face rather than dreaming about it, which would indicate a sort of conscious rejection of letting the dead be truly dead. In Dubliners: A Students Companion to the Stories, Werner states that when contemplating the word paralysis, the boy attributes to it an active presence that he wishes to observe rather than evade, and the same can be said about the concept of death for the narrator, as both themes are interlaced throughout the story (45). The development of consciousness in regard to death and its paralyzing quality is central to The Sisters. This development points to the storys role as a beginning, as the maturation, or lack thereof, of the various narrators consciousness and perception later becomes a major issue throughout Dubliners. Epiphanies are abundant in Dubliners, as they are in Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse, T.S. Eliots The Wasteland, and other modernist literature; nonetheless, as Werner notes in Dubliners: A Students Companion to the Stories, Joyce only gradually focuses his attention on the experience of revelation (47). Furthermore, the increasing complexity of his epiphanies is basic to the mature voice capable of articulating the contingent experiences of truth as an ongoing process for character, author, narrator, and reader (55). Such a development can be seen in the various protagonists encounters with death in Dubliners. In particular, The Sisters represents a beginning for both reader and na rrator. Just as the boy is experiencing his first encounter with death, the reader is experiencing his first bitter taste of life within the world of Dubliners. As a result, there is a simultaneous introduction to life and death. The moment of realization in the penultimate paragraph displays the narrators perception of death, as he states simply that the old priest was lying still in his coffin as we had seen him, solemn and truculent in death (Joyce 18). Here, the narrator still attributes a certain sense of hostility to Father Flynn as if to further affirm the haunting qualities of his death. The detached style in which Joyce imparts this realization is important, as it indicates that the narrator is barely cognizant of anything beyond the dead body. As Beck states in Joyces Dubliners: Substance, Vision, and Art , this realization communicates no incredibly precocious philosophical breakthrough, but the verisimilitude of a dawning awareness, a gradual, hushed, yet decisive epiphany (Beck 43). More importantly, the boy does not seem conscious of his paralysis as later narrators, such as Gabriel Conroy and Duffy, are. If the opening story is essentially a framing device, one can assume that the child narrator in The Sisters exhibits the start of a vicious cycle of internalizing paralysis. Werner claims that the narrator of Araby represents the first stage in the development of a destructive solipsism portrayed in adult characters such as Duffy, but one can argue that this stage actually begins with the narrator of The Sisters (54). Furthermore, Beck notes that the narrator of the Sisters eventually realizes his identity just that much more, and with it his secret isolation (43). Indeed, the core of the story is the boys beginning to see into himself as to the life around him, specifically the impedance of death upon that life. Death is the catalyst for epiphanies in both The Sisters and A Painful Case. In the former example, death triggers an emotional paralysis in the living, while in the latter story, death causes a realization of Duffys pre-existing emotional paralysis. Here, it is important to expound upon the significance of the narrators youth in the story. As Werner notes, the stories of childhood in Dubliners picture early confrontations of young boys with their corrupt environment (41). In The Sisters, such an environment is marked by an inevitable convergence of the living and the dead wherein the latter haunts the former. The young narrator is paralyzed by the external circumstances of his life, as Werner would argue. In fact, Werner goes on to claim that such a suffocating experience encourage[s] even the more sensitive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ children to accept and internalize paralysis, which leads directly to adult counterparts who have surrendered utterly to paralysis (41, 42). James Duffy, the protagonist in A Painful Case, exemplifies the adult Dubliner who has repressed his emotional paralysis for entirely too long, measuring his life in coffee spoons in the same manner as J. Alfred Prufrock. Silence is introduced in the opening paragraph as yet another motif to be associated with death. As mentioned, the narrator of The Sisters characterizes the very presence of Father Flynns corpse with an antagonistic silence. However, one should note the relationship between Father Flynns silence and the sisters referenced in the title, as the two entities are almost at odds with one another. As the story progresses, the sisters keep attempting to break the persistent silence with their patter, but the dialogue is only ever about Father Flynn. In this manner, the dead haunt even the speech of the living. Corrington remarks that the old man has had a certain degree of ascendance over [the sisters] and even in death, he is their primary concern (22). Corringtons comments are primarily concerned with the sisters as a symbol of devoted service to the Catholic Church, the notion of Father Flynns ascendance and enduring presence speak to the haunting nature of the dead. Father Flynn is neve r more than a cadaver in The Sisters, yet his influence is undeniable. He looms over the environs silently, but to such an extent that the silence becomes a malevolent force. Rabate comments on the nature of silence in the context of Dubliners, writing that silence can finally appear as the end, the limit, the death of speech, its paralysis (33). If one works within the notion of silence as an antagonistic opposition to speech, the final moments of The Sisters can be seen as the ultimate paralysis inflicted by the dead Father Flynn. Joyce ends with Elizas speech, interrupted by ellipses before it finally trails off, imparting a paralyzing silence upon the reader. It is as if the characters, like J. Alfred Prufrock, are left wondering the same: how should I begin? Joyce extols little intimation of hope within the world of Dubliners, where the living portray an emotionally paralyzed life equivalent to that of the dead. It is only upon further examination that one can argue that Joyce actually glorifies death to some extent and indicates it as a more amenable condition. Although the eponymous sisters dialogue throughout the story is rife with clichà ©, a particular assertion is striking. Eliza declares that Father Flynn had a beautiful death, which brings to mind Joyces claim that death is the most beautiful form of life (Joyce, Dubliners 15; Joyce, James Clarence Mangan 60). She goes on to say that Father Flynn make[s] a beautiful corpse, which contrasts the paralyzed depiction of his earthly life. In fact, Father Flynn is marked by a certain incompleteness from the opening paragraph of The Sisters, when the narrator associates the priests paralysis with the word gnomon (Joyce 9). As mentioned, the narrator only represents Father Flynn symboli cally-by his face-which further suggests an incompleteness. Finally, the broken chalice symbolizes the beginning of Father Flynns broken state-his burgeoning madness. Another definition of the word gnomon is applicable to Father Flynn; as discussed in lecture, it is a shadow cast as on a sundial (66). Father Flynns influence as a deathly shade is undeniable, as he lingers throughout the story. On the other hand, his being, or lack thereof, serves to illuminate the partial, reduced lives of Joyces Dubliners, which seems to be Joyces ultimate goal here (66). The storys explicit concern with the dynamic of life and death is a deliberate one, as Joyce carefully arranged the order of stories in Dubliners (Beck 42). Indeed, the exploration of life and death is both central to modernity and the major crux upon which Dubliners is unified. Thus, Becks concern with the meaning and interpretation of the story are secondary to revealing the manner in which it functions as an overture to the novel (42). Ultimately, The Sisters establishes a pattern of the dead impacting life to the point of paralysis that is not altered until the final story. The Sisters makes it possible to explore the later stories of Dubliners in the context of themes and motifs set forth from the very beginning. Werner states that the remainder of Dubliners fulfills [the narrators] longing to be nearer to paralysis and its deadly work, which is an accurate assessment, as Joyce continues to develop this particular theme throughout the work (35). It is this inexplicable, paradoxical longing that harkens back to the poetics of modernity and notions of the sublime. The Sisters functions as an overture for Dubliners, introducing the themes and motifs that serve to unify the novel. Death and paralysis are intertwined throughout Dubliners, as they are in many other modernist works. Paralysis is present not only in The Sisters, but in A Love Song for J. Alfred Prufrock, in which the titular protagonist wonders endlessly, do I dare? The impact and implications of death can be seen as well through the influence of Father Flynn. Like Catherine of Wuthering Heights, he hovers over the lives of others like a shade, lending Gothic elements to an otherwise realistic, if stagnant depiction of Irish life. These themes provide an appropriate context-a modernist context-in which the rest of the novel can not only be enjoyed, but properly engaged.

A Foolish American Dream in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death of a Salesman

A Foolish American Dream in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willy Loman is responsible for his own downfall.   Willy finds his own hero and tries to become the hero in his own existence.   Willy tries to become a very successful businessman, at the start of his career he thinks that no one can tell him what to.   Willy is not good with people, he is good with his hands, he is not a good salesman and he chooses the wrong career.   Willy often makes up stories or changes the stories he knows because he cannot face the truth of his life that he has not accomplished as much as he has planned.   Willy's downfall is his own doing which is brought about by his unrealistic dreams, his pride, his career choice and his failure to manage life's problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willy, at a young age, noticed an old salesman who worked at an age of 80 and made a lot of money. The old salesman took orders from no one, he made his own orders and everyone did as the old man said.   When the old salesman, Dave Singleman dies, all the buyers came to his funeral. All the people Dave ever knew came.   There were thousands mourning his death.   From that point, Willy Loman found an awesome dream which he followed the rest of his life.   Willy became a salesman.   Willy is the most unqualified salesman ever!   He never sold a thing.   Willy stops seeing the truth at one point of his life and he relies on his own lies to numb his pain. The pain of knowing he cannot and wont be able to become Dave Singleman.   He is Willy Loman, who is good at fixing the house.   He is not cut out for travelling from city to city and selling goods to people he has never met before.   Willy dramatically dies living out his dream, the dream that never suited Willy Loman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willy does not allow people to tell him what to do.   He believes that he cannot be bossed around and that he is too important to fall under anyone's authority but his own.   Willy teaches Biff and Happy not to take orders from anyone.   He thinks this will make Biff, Happy and himself

The Sundale Clubs

The Sundale Club I. Problems A. Macro 1. Division within organization due to poor relationships among personnel. 2. Lack of leadership and direction within organization. B. Micro 1. Johnson’s (reputed) behavior. 2. Loss of members. 3. Chain-of-command difficulties: Frank Havens unable to talk to boss, Bob Watts uninterested in problem. 4. Poor staff morale; treatment of Pat indicates problem. II. Causes 1. No recognition/follow-through for staff. Pat overlooked for promotion. 2.Personal relationship between Chuck Johnson and Ted Ellis detracts from goals of organization and from staff morale. 3. Bob’s upcoming retirement detracts from interest in problems. III. Systems affected 1. Structural – personal relationships and director’s lack of interest hurt chain-of-command effectiveness. 2. Psychosocial – low morale within staff due to favoritism, disinterest, loss of membership, lack of direction of system. 3. Technical – none apparent. 4. Manag erial – organization’s purpose and source of money undermined by personal interests and lack of direction.Managers who had authority, such as Bob Watts, are unwilling to take action. 5. Goals and values – there is no sense organization goals among management or staff despite declining membership. Staff and even some managers are increasingly interested in protecting their jobs or finding another job elsewhere. Consequently, there is little concern for providing service to the membership. IV. Alternatives 1. Leave as is. 2. Let Bob Watts retire; explain problem to new director. 3. Unite staff (as Carol has started); include in meeting with new director/board. 4.Carol Happ hire OD practitioner to intervene and unite staff, but this will be difficult as Watts seems to be â€Å"coasting† until retirement. V. Recommendations Realistically, not much can happen until Bob Watts retires. Before Watts retires, some of the staff could unite under the leadership of C arol Happ and meet with Bob. But this has definite risks, particularly for any staff under Ted Ellis. Approach Watts from viewpoint of helping increase memberships and how unity, etc. , is needed for this to occur. If Happ and the staff can gain Watts’ support, hire an external OD practitioner.

Strategically Managing PPC Campaigns in Adwords [PODCAST]

Strategically Managing PPC Campaigns in Adwords [PODCAST] When your potential customers are looking for your product or service, how do you think they find it? Right, they usually start with Google. In order for them to find you, you need to show up in those search results. Have you wondered how to do that? Today, we’re talking to ’s own Rachel Wiinanen, our inbound marketer. She works a lot with AdWords, creating ads that will lead to click-throughs and lead to conversion. Today she’s going to tell us all about targeting the right keywords, writing engaging messaging, and optimizing your landing pages. She’ll also talk to us about what metrics to measure and share her thoughts on budgeting and goal-setting. You won’t want to miss this episode! Some of the highlights of the show include: Rachel’s job description and mission at . Rachel’s strategy for attracting the right audience through AdWords. Thoughts on writing great ad copy that gets clicks, as well as why testing is so important. How Rachel works with landing pages to boost the conversion rate. What Rachel measures when analyzing campaigns: trial acquisition cost, click-through rate, and more. She also talks about how she monitors various metrics. How to determine a budget when it comes to ads. Rachel’s best advice for someone who is new to AdWords and is just getting started. Quotes by Rachel: â€Å"Nothing is perfect, just test away. Test, test, test. There have been tons of times where I didn’t think an ad would perform very well and then outperforms other comparable ads by double.† â€Å"Things are always going to change. You’re always going to want to get more specific, more focused, more precise.† â€Å"My best advice for someone who’s new to AdWords would be don’t be afraid to test new things.†

Lion Capital and Blackstone Essay Essays

Lion Capital and Blackstone Essay Essays Lion Capital and Blackstone Essay Essay Lion Capital and Blackstone Essay Essay Question 1: Why would Lion make a trade with Blackstone? Why would Blackstone make one with Lion? What does each hazard? What can each derive? Lion and Blackstone are fall ining together to leverage industry expertness and funding power. Lion has a strong apprehension of consumers of such trades include Weetabix and Jimmy Choo. Blackstone has the power to convey really big funding into a trade. capable of puting up to $ 1 billion in a company. while besides holding an international presence. conveying synergisms across boundary lines. However. this partnership besides brings in a lagging gait in shutting trades and public visibleness and examination. Lion typically moves rapidly on trades. and already has decided in front of Blackstone on timing and monetary value. Blackstone. nevertheless. still needs to carry on due diligence and have the trade reviewed by the investing commission. Furthermore. Lion’s partnership with Blackstone brings it into the Financial Times’ forepart page and pressures it further to execute. Question 2: Is Orangina a good trade? It seems that Lion and Blackstone are paying a reasonably full monetary value ; what angle might the Blackstone-Lion pool have found to warrant it? Yes. Orangina is a good trade. for its trade name power. its resiliency. its financing-friendly nature. and its operating and distribution web in France and Spain. Orangina has iconic trade names that are good known in France and Spain. and it commands a strong presence in its niche without irrupting on the soft drink infinite of trade names such as Coca Cola. It can be levered easy. as it is in a defensive sector. has strong hard currency flows. and with touchable assets that can be claimed. Despite being undermanaged. it continued to execute good in bad times. bespeaking that it has a working operating substructure and does non depend on a personality to steer the concern. Furthermore. the squad has a good apprehension and tantrum with the company. Javier Ferran of Lion. a Spanish national who speaks French. is good suited to understand a company with operations concentrated in Spain and France. and is besides ideal for his past experience in the soft drinks sector. Question 3: Based on the information provided in the instance. how would you value Orangina? We will NOT value the company based on any price reduction hard currency flow theoretical account. including LBO rating or APV theoretical account. as we are covering with a private company. whose beta and future capital construction are impracticable to gauge. Private companies have no estimable beta. since they are non publically traded and are illiquid – their value does non travel in any way with regard to the market. There are besides no strong barriers to entry in a soft drink market. so terminal growing besides can’t be easy estimated. However. we can first try a simple Venture Capital rating theoretical account to acquire a speedy ballpark for our rating. We find that a sensible equity rating for a private equity purchaser lies between $ 900 million and $ 1. 9 billion. This implies an equity rating between 760 million euros and 1. 6 billion euros. With programs to put 900 million euros of debt. Orangina can be priced at 1. 7 billion euros to 2. 5 billion euros. We can presume that the 1. 85 billion euro rating of Blackstone and Lion is rather sensible. Question 4: What is the best trade attack? The squad needs to do a command that will do them one of the sure and approved purchaser campaigners instantly. even with the hazard of overpaying. They need to go one of the groups with entree to the Orangina direction squad and their advisers. and get down inquiring the inquiries they need answered on the company – such as the execution of a stable direction squad in a clip of a high direction turnover. the ability to turn in the nutrient channel or obtain higher command power in the out of nutrient channel. and a turnaround scheme for France. Given that Blackstone and Lion have a particular border that Lion’s squad understands the sector. the concern. and the geographics good. they should be willing to pay up forepart in the early auctions. so that they can extinguish strategic purchasers such as Pepsi. while besides detering other fiscal purchasers who don’t have the same degree of understanding. border. or angle on this sector. Once the likeliness of a trade is strong plenty. Blackstone and Lion can get down negociating a unequivocal amalgamation understanding with monetary values and footings that are a bit more suited and just for it. However. the current precedence should be to acquire into the bargain and cut others out every bit shortly as possible.

Business Driven Information Systems Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Driven Information Systems - Term Paper Example As the report discusses the University of La Verne is faced by a threat of new universities within California which are providing competitive programs. In addition, supplier power for educational and research material has become a threat to the brand identity of the university which ranked among the top institutions of higher education in California. This paper declares that the University of La Verne is mandated to employ proper management and institutional strategies that will help it to overcome the threat of new entrants into the higher education sector and education service delivery. In addition the university must be sensitive to the power of the buyer who comprise of its students who purchase educational services. This would be achieved through affordable and high quality education which meets the needs of the students for competitive advantage. The threat of substitutes is a business challenge for competitive advantage. It is in this sense that the University of La Verne should employ proper business strategies such as marketing so that it can overcome the threat of other research centers. IT success within the University of La Verne’s can be measured in terms of its congruency with the goals and objectives of the institution. Effective adoption and implementation of information technology is must be in line with t he goals and objectives of an organization or institution such as efficiency of operations and activities.

The Art of Negotiation - cross-cultural negotions Essay

The Art of Negotiation - cross-cultural negotions - Essay Example Conversely, the approach takes into account cultural the degree of cultural differences when dealing with diverse teams. Identification of the level of cultural disparity implies that the strategy ensures that there is higher win-win potential. The negotiator of intra-cultural situations can use integrative bargaining to identify the level of differences in cultural beliefs, expectations, risk profiles, abilities, and values since these aspects of the team are crucial in expanding the pie (Goldman, & Shapiro, 2012). In addition, integrating cultural differences ensures that gains and benefits match different needs and expectation of the teams. Integrative bargaining is useful intra-cultural situations because it is a cooperative strategy to negotiations. The strategy advocates win-win situations or mutual gains since it entails searching for logical trade-offs and mutually profitable available options. One of the important considerations, when using the integrative bargaining strategy, is building a rapport with the parties (Larrick, & Wu, 2007). In this case, the negotiators engage in pre-negotiations where they focus on sharing more information, making fewer threats, developing more respect, and building trust within the team. The implication is that interaction before negotiations leads to building of trust and cooperation so as the team can share a common understanding of the issues, identify intra-cultural interests and invent solutions that satisfy all the teams. Interest-based bargaining strategy is one of the innovations in the field of negotiation as an improvement to other approaches like integrative bargaining (Larrick, & Wu, 2007). The strategy can benefit intra-cultural negotiation since it recommends that negotiators should act as problem solvers with abilities to find solutions to their mutual problems or other issues of mutual concern. The interest-based strategy has some underlying principles

The assignment is in the PDF format which I will be upload Research Paper

The assignment is in the PDF format which I will be upload - Research Paper Example While this evolution has brought in many ways or ideologies of perceiving the world and humanity, the civilization has both gained and lost in the spheres of family values and social commitment. If these technological advancements provided us with opportunities to establish stronger familial and social bonds, how would you make use of them? When such an evolution pushes you towards the boundaries of ethical deliberations, how do you intelligently direct yourself on the path of conscience and prudence? How does the media evolution contribute or contradict the evolution of civilization? A.A Campbell Swinton, being a prominent British electrical engineer, was on of the many visionaries to predict a ‘Distant Electric Vision’ by discussing a fully electronic video system in 1908 (Webb, 2005). The possibility of executing Swinton’s narrations was not realized until the second half of nineteenth century. Nonetheless, the first device for scanning and transmitting images through wires was constituted by Paul Nipkow, a twenty three year old German engineering student, in 1884. This concept established to inspect a scene sequentially point by point from top to bottom and left to right. It will further be transmitted through telegraph lines using the pulsating electric current generated from the time-varying brightness after every successive point (Webb, 2005). It was the fundamental system on which today’s televisions are based on. Television started to gain a place in the general household by 1960s. As the device developed technically, it brought tremendous changes in the attitudes of masses to absorb the advent of a mass media. â€Å"The introduction of the machine into the home meant that family members needed to come to terms with the presence of communication medium that might transform older modes of family interaction† (Spigel, 1992, p.238). Social

The Economic Impact of the Horse Industry Essay Example for Free

The Economic Impact of the Horse Industry Essay People often view the equine industry as nothing more than simply an expensive hobby. However, in actuality it is far more than just that. The horse industry has an enormous impact on the United States economy and covers a vast horizon of different areas. From top-notch Thoroughbred racing to the simplicity of a backyard companion horse, the industry provides about 460,000 full-time equivalent jobs and has a direct economic effect on the United States of about 39 billion dollars annually. After taking into account the money multiplier effect of spending by suppliers and employees in the industry, this number grows even larger to create about 1. 4 million full-time equivalent jobs nationally with a 102 billion dollar annual impact on the United States economy (â€Å"National Economic Impact†). Studies show that the equine industry has a direct effect on gross domestic product (GDP) in the United States. Between the different areas of the horse business, including but not limited to racing, showing, and leisurely riding, about 38.8 billion dollars of goods and services are produced, leaving an impact of 101.5 billion dollars on US GDP. Taxes paid by the equine industry also affect the economy in the United States, with approximately 1.9 billion dollars total in taxes coming from this industry. Federal taxes amount to 588 million dollars, state taxes are 1,017 million dollars, and last but not least, local taxes are equal to 275 million dollars (â€Å"National Economic Impact†). Many studies have been done in different states to determine the economic impact of the horse industry, including a study from the Rutgers Equine Science Center (â€Å"New Jersey Equine†), a study from Alabama AM and Auburn Universities (McCall, Molnar, Pendergrass, and Broadway), and a study conducted by the University of Virginia Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service (â€Å"Virginia Horse Industry†). The state of Arizona even went as far as to hold an event regarding the equine economic impact. The event, titled â€Å"the Economic Impact of the Equine Industry in Arizona†, was held in February of 2012 and government officials from all over the country attended. The Arizona horse industry amounts to a 1.8 billion dollar industry and provides the opportunity to bring in many new equine-related companies into the state. There were many different topics covered at the event, including the WestWorld Equidome expansion project and ways to carry more rodeo locations into the state. There was also discussion of an equine property tax bill that was recently passed by the state. The bill relieves equine businesses from extreme property taxes by categorizing them under agricultural businesses. The great impact of the Quarter Horse, Arabian, and Thoroughbred associations was also discussed at the event, determining that their effects on the US economy are approximately 4.5 million dollars, 52 million dollars, and 134 million dollars respectively (â€Å"Arizona State Officials†). Other states have also taken measures and actions to determine the effect of the equine industry on each state. Rutgers University conducted a study in 2007 determining the economic effect of horses in the state of New Jersey. They determined that the industry had a total economic impact of 1.1 billion dollars each year, taking into account racing-related operations not including racetracks, non-racing operations, equine owners without operations, and New Jersey racetracks. The industry creates 13,000 jobs in the US, between jobs generated by racetracks and jobs not generated by racetracks. About 160 million dollars is paid annual in taxes by the New Jersey equine industry (â€Å"New Jersey Equine† 1). It is definitely evident that New Jersey racing operations have the most economic impact on the state, accounting for a total economic impact of 278.2 million dollars out of the 647 million dollar total economic impact from all equine operations and owners. Non-racing operations come in a close second with an impact of 262.4 million dollars and horse owners falls in last with an impact of 117.8 million dollars. Annually, New Jersey race tracks impact the economy of the state by 502.3 million dollars (â€Å"New Jersey Equine† 2). The expenses of horses are numerous, including but not limited to equipment purchase and depreciation, capital improvements, health, training fees, boarding fees, feed, taxes, farrier, etc. These expenses total around 376.8 million dollars a year in the state of New Jersey (â€Å"New Jersey Equine† 3). Rutgers University was not the only university to complete a study on the impact of the equine industry in a specific state. Alabama AM and Auburn Universities also partook in their own study in 1993 with the intention of pointing out the importance of the equine industry in Alabama. There are quite a few different horse-based activities in Alabama, categorized by locality (horse clubs and groups not based on breed), sport (groups generally open to any breed formed by riders with a common interest in a specific horse sport), and breed (groups open to one specific breed for many different horse sports) (McCall, Molnar, Pendergrass, and Broadway 1). To determine the economic impact of the horse industry in Alabama, the study uses the direct impact, which is the actual dollars spent, and the aggregate impact, which is the direct impact multiplied by an income multiplier (which for this study, was 2.9). In laymen’s terms, for every one dollar of direct impact, there would be 2.90 dollars of aggregate impact. An employment multiplier was also used, concluding that for every job created in the equine industry, 1.74 jobs are created through the economy. Expenses for horses are one way that the industry affects the economy. Expenses for showing horses totaled 11,005 dollars per horse, for racing horses totaled 15,390 dollars per horse, and for recreational horses totaled 3,140 dollars per horse. The expenses calculated are the chief ways that equines impact the economy (McCall, Molnar, Pendergrass, and Broadway 2). The horse industry also generates a great deal of tourism in Alabama. Owners of show horses spend approximately 1,500 dollars for every horse when travelling to shows. The direct impact of equine tourism equals 9.7 million dollars. Spectators at equine events, such as rodeos, shows, and horse races also generate money and impact the economy by about 4.2 million dollars. The race tracks in Alabama generate about 42.6 million dollars, with about one quarter of the money won from races going to horse owners and trainers in the state (McCall, Molnar, Pendergrass, and Broadway 3). According to the study, four percent of the â€Å"pari-mutuel handle† is paid in taxes (McCall, Molnar, Penderg rass, and Broadway 4). In addition to the tourism brought into Alabama, the horse industry also impacts Alabama employment, creating a great number of jobs. Racing stables, showing stables, breeding stables, and recreational horse owners all contribute available employment positions to the state. Around 2,000 to 2,800 full-time job equivalent positions are created on account of the horse industry and the aggregate employment is equal to around 3,480 to 4,872 jobs in the state. In total, the aggregate impact of the horse industry on Alabama’s economy is estimated to be 1.6 billion dollars. It is evident, as stated in this study, that the horse industry is extremely important to the economy and that it should not be disregarded when determining key parts of the economy (McCall, Molnar, Pendergrass, and Broadway 4). The University of Virginia Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service is yet another university that conducted a study on the economic impact of the horse industry. It was determined that the yearly economic impact of the horse industry in the state of Virginia was equal to 1.2 billion dollars. Economist Dr. Terance Rephann gave his opinion on the economic importance of the horse industry, stating that the industry creates â€Å"a very positive effect on jobs, recreation, tourism, retail sales and state and local taxation†. Just as in New Jersey and Alabama, the Virginia horse industry creates a great deal of employment within the state and brings in about 65.3 million dollars in state and local taxes. In 2010, over 16,000 jobs were created in Virginia due to the equine industry. Horse shows are a large part of the industry, bringing in about 25 million dollars in revenue in 2010 (â€Å"Virginia Horse Industry†). The substantial amount of revenue, tax money, employment opportunities, and the total aggregate impact of equines in the three different states mentioned above clearly show that the horse industry is quite an important par t of our country’s economy. The industry greatly affects the United States economy in so many different ways. From the 13,000 jobs created by the industry in New Jersey (â€Å"New Jersey Equine† 1), to the 9.7 million dollars generated from tourism created by the industry in Alabama (McCall, Molnar, Pendergrass, and Broadway), to the 1.2 billion dollar economic impact that the industry has on Virginia’s economy annually, it is obvious to see that though many people view equestrian sports as nothing but a hobby, it is far more than just that. In the wise words of Matthew J. Lohr, The Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services’ commissioner: â€Å"Horses add so much to our lives on a personal level, but when I look at the big picture, I see just how much they contribute to our state’s economic well-being, as well† (â€Å"Virginia Horse Industry†). Breeding is a large part of the equine industry and the rules and regulations of the breeding process vary with the price elasticity of demand for foals. Artificial insemination, which is the act of artificially placing semen into a mare to impregnate her, is a popular breeding technology that has suffered through great debate of whether or not it should be accepted in certain breeds or horses. Regulation for the use of artificial insemination technologies is an example of a breeding process that varies with the price elasticity demand for foals. In breeds with a price inelastic demand for foals, it is probable that the practice of artificial insemination will be regulated. Oftentimes, with certain circumstances, cartel agreements may arise between industry members for an intervention of government regulation in the breeding industry. The act of this government regulation raises prices and incomes in the industry (Ray 1). Breed registries are an example of cartels that limit the supply of horses. Horse owners of horses of a specific breed may choose to register their animals with that breed’s registry. These breed registries gi ve owners an economic advantage over other owners whose horses are not registered with any breed. Part of the money made from memberships is spent on promoting a specific breed and advertising the breed registry (Ray 3). Oftentimes stallion owners partake in price and non-price competition. Breeding farms are extremely big on advertising and price for studs range from hundreds to millions of dollars. Because of this, the equine breeding industry can be categorized under the monopolistically competitive industries (Ray 3). In the past, most breed associations have shunned the idea of artificial insemination. Breed registries can tend to be extremely strict on their regulation of breeding techniques, and many times registries will have rules against artificial insemination. Horses that have been artificially inseminated are often banned from competition in certain breed events, which prevents them from ever having any improvement economically. Though many breed registries do not allow the use of artificial insemination, there are a few that are far more tolerant to it (Ray 2). Generally, the breed registries that forbid the use of artificial insemination feel that the practice of it could be a thread to the quality and pureness of the breed. However, there are many economic costs and benefits that contribute to each breed registry’s decision on the regulation of artificial insemination (Ray 4). There are quite a few economic advantages to the use of artificial insemination technology for breeding. While live cover breeding methods can only impregnate one mare for every one ejaculation from a stallion, the use of artificial insemination makes it possible to impregnate fifteen to eighteen mares for every one ejaculation. This means that one stallion can be used to impregnate more mares through the use of this technology, which reduces the risk of overworking a stallion throughout the breeding season. Using artificial insemination also allows a breeder to more efficiently use semen to inseminate a mare during her ovulation period. This reduces the amount of veterinary and breeder labor required to impregnate a mare. In addition to this, naturally breeding can be a very dangerous process for the horses. Artificial insemination provides a much safer way of breeding. Finally, it is far simpler, less expensive, and much less dangerous to ship out frozen semen rather than to transport the mares to the stallions (Ray 4). In short, this all means that the use of artificial insemination technologies reduces the costs of production and transportation of breeding. From an economic standpoint, the cost of breeding decreases due to the use of artificial insemination, and so the supply of foals increases. This causes market prices to decrease and the number of horses produced and sold to increase. As a result of this, total revenue will increase, decrease, or remain the same, depending on the price elasticity of demand for new foals. If the demand for a specific breed is inelastic, artificial insemination will cause breeders’ total revenue to decrease. However, if the demand for a specific breed is elastic, artificial insemination will cause breeders’ total revenue to increase. Elasticity of a breed can be determined by the task the breed is used for. The more specific the task, the less substitutability there is for the breed, causing the breed to have a more price inelastic demand. An example of this is the Thoroughbred registry. Artificial insemination is banned by this registry because the demand for Thoroughbreds is very price inelastic, since this breed is the only one to run in races such as the Kentucky Derby (Ray 5). The decision of a breed registry to regulate or not regulate the use of artificial insemination is dependent on the costs and benefits of the use of the technology. When the costs of artificial insemination exceed the benefits, the registry will regulate the use of the technology. Regulation can be determined by the theory of cartels. This theory helps to determine supply and demand curves and indicates that the regulation of artificial insemination is dependent upon multiple different aspects of a monopolistically competitive market, including but not limited to price elasticity of demand and the number of people that will possibly benefit from regulation. Generally speaking, the size of the breed registry determines the amount of the benefits of regulation of artificial insemination. If the breed industry is large, there will be less benefits of regulating artificial insemination, which causes regulation to decrease. In summation, the regulation of artificial insemination breeding technologies is primarily determined by the price elasticity of demand for foals of the specific breed and by the costs and benefits of regulating the technology. (Ray 6). Horse race gambling greatly contributes to the United States economy. In 1997, purse awards in California totaled 136 million dollars and the total pari-mutuel handle was equal to around three billion dollars. California race tracks receive large sums of money each year as breeding incentives. This money comes from the pari-mutuel handle (Smith 1756). It is believed that both the quantity and quality of race horses affects the demand for gambling on race horses (Smith 1755). Breeding incentives given to race tracks have a huge effect on the product that comes out of the race track. Attendance at the race track and the pari-mutuel handle are the two factors that determine demand. The quality and quantity of the horses racing affect both of these factors, and so affect the demand for horse race gambling (Smith 1758). Not only does horse racing affect gambling, gambling also affects horse racing. Many race tracks are going out of business as a result of local casinos (Zengerle 20). The argument at hand now is whether or not to introduce slot machines to race tracks, creating â€Å"racinos†. It is argued that adding slot machines to the track will bring in more business because it will give customers at the track a variety. The Kentucky horse racing industry has been fighting hard for the introduction of slot machines in race tracks. The industry has lobbied legislators and spent one million dollars in support of slot machines. The lobbying and money spent has paid off. The public is now in support of slot machines being added to race tracks and, on the legislative side, a slots bill was passed for the first time (Zengerle 21). One of the main reasons that Kentucky is fighting so hard for slot machines in their race tracks is because of their 500 million dollar budget deficit. Slot machines would create 300 million dollars in tax revenue each year, which would greatly help the budget deficit being faced by the state. Introducing slot machines to the tracks would bring about many fiscal benefits; however, they may not be great for the horse industry. According to Arthur Hancock, slots will make lots of money for people in the short term, â€Å"but in the long term†¦they’ll be bad for the horse business† (Zengerle 21). However, the introduction of alternate gambling games has been proven to save race tracks. In example, Mountaineer race track was on the brink of going out of business, but the introduction of video gaming at racetracks has caused the company to rank seventh on Forbes list of the best small businesses in America (Zengerle 23). Though introducing slot machines to Kentucky’s race tracks could be bad for the horse industry in the long run, it could greatly help to rid the state of its large budget deficit. Though for many people, horse racing is simply nothing but a fun sport to watch, for Kenny A. Troutt, co-owner of WinStar Farm and Thoroughbred breeder, it is an economic investment that has helped to escalate him to a billionaire (Lee 1). Many people involved in the race horse industry do not believe that you can make much money off it and are just in it for fun and for the thrill of a day at the races. However, Troutt is a completely different case. His primary goal with WinStar Farm is to make money. He has created business plans and budget projects and holds mont hly meetings to discuss the costs of breeding and to determine any ways to lower costs and become more efficient. By using a database, Troutt determines the price returns of each and every horse by taking into account all money and time spent on the horse (Lee 2). Troutt has spent over 70 million dollars on his farm. He has set aside a select number of mares whose foals are automatically sold. One of these foals was Funny Cide, out of a stallion named Distorted Humor, who is owned by WinStar Farm. Funny Cide was a contender for the Triple Crown, and though he did not win, simply the fact that he came close was enough to double Distorted Humor’s stud fee, which was already 20,000 dollars. Though most Thoroughbred farms generate about a five to ten percent return each year after ten years, Troutt believes that he will make profits in only five years. In the past, horse racing was never about making a profit. However, in the words of Kenny A. Troutt: â€Å"I am convinced you can make a lot of money doing this†. Taking into account some simple ideas of economics and business, he may pr ove this to be true as he claims that his farm has become â€Å"cash flow positive† after only being open for two years (Lee 3). Not only does the horse industry have a great impact on the United States economy, but the economy also has a great impact on the horse industry. There has recently been a large increase in the number of unwanted horses in the United States, and one of the reasons for this problem is the current economic recession. Horses are extremely expensive to keep, averaging around 1500 to 2000 dollars a year per horse and with the economy in the poor state that it is currently in, many horse owners can no longer afford to care for their horses (Lewis). Prices of hay and fuel are extremely high and with the current recession, many horses are being succumbed to starvation and neglect. Many abandoned horses are eventually euthanized because horse rescues cannot afford to continue to feed them and medically care for them. Sick horses at the rescue are the first to be euthanized, because it comes down to a choice between feeding a healthy horse and feeding a sick horse (â€Å"More Horses Starve†). Horses are extremely expensive to keep, between the costs of feed, veterinary care, farrier and dental services. In this bad economy, it is hard to keep up with the costs of horse ownerships, and this causes the sale of horses to also be difficult (â€Å"Economy, Weather, and Law†). The Texas horse industry is such a large business that it is close to equal to the Texas cotton industry. Unfortunately, the Texas horse industry is in a severe catastrophe due to the state of the economy. Owners are finding it difficult to feed and water their horses, for â€Å"forage and even water are in short supply†, according to Dr. Dennis Sigler. Large round bales of hay are selling for over 145 dollars and in this struggling economy, horse owners are having a very hard time coming up with the money to supply food to their horses. State assistance could potentially help this problem, however state budgets have been frozen and there is a large burden for states to cut back on spending. The current economic recession has a huge effect on the horse industry and is accountable for the growing number of starving and unwanted horses in the United States (Hawkes). The equine industry in the United States clearly has a great impact on the economy, and likewise the economy on the equine industry. Breeding businesses, breeding technologies, race tracks, gambling, and unwanted horse issues all affect the economy and are affected by the economy. The industry provides so much revenue and a large number of jobs in the United States. The national horse industry has a 7 billion dollar impact on the California economy, a 5.1 billion dollar impact on the Florida economy, a 3.5 billion dollar impact on the Kentucky economy, and a 5.2 billion dollar impact on the Texas economy. The California horse industry creates 54,200 full time equivalent jobs. The Florida horse industry creates 38,300 full time equivalent jobs. The Kentucky horse industry creates 51,900 full time equivalent jobs. The Texas horse industry creates 32,200 full time equivalent jobs (â€Å"State Breakout Studies†). All in all, the horse industry has a 39 billion dollar yearly economic effect on the United States and creates 460,000 full time equivalent jobs (â€Å"National Economic Impact†). This industry is far more than just a hobby and is extremely important to the United States economy. Works Cited Arizona State Officials Join Arizona Horse Council (AzHC) at Equine Economic Impact Event PR.com. PR.com: Directory of Businesses Jobs Press Releases Products Services Articles Find Companies. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2012. http://www.pr.com/press-release/390430. â€Å"Economy, Weather the Law Contribute to Starving Horse Cases.† KSEE 24 News. Web. 22 Mar. 2012. http://www.ksee24.com/news/local/HorsesJWI-139755153.html. Hawkes, Logan. Texas Horse Industry Crisis Looms. Southwest Farm Press 38.23 (2011): 18. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. Lee, Josephine. â€Å"Arriviste†. 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