Japanese-American Internment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Japanese-American Internment - Essay Example The Hawaiian sugar industry attracted many Japanese immigrants in the area in the 1870s and 1880s. By 1900, majority of the Japanese immigrants living in US were concentrated in Hawaii where their work force was much sought by both the farm owners and industries owners. Japanese were primarily hard working than whites, and since the payments depended on the amount of work done, they were better placed than the whites. Their outstanding reputation spread and overtook the whites substantially. The whites saw the Japanese as formidable competitors, and their presence was a threat to them. The Japanese grew more powerful, and in 1941, they attacked the Pearl Harbor; an act that marked a significant traumatic landmark in Japanese-American history (Niiya 11). This attack brought about relocation and internment of the Japanese by the angry anti Japanese community. Japanese-American immigration Japanese migration is significantly attributed to the establishment of sugar plantations in Hawaii . These sugar plantations required massive number of workers throughout the entire process of cultivation, harvesting and processing in the industries. This establishment called for many laborers and importing them was the most convenient way of getting cheap labor. In 1850s, plantation owners imported many Chinese to work in their farms and offered them meager salaries. By 1865, the Chinese immigrants started to drift away from these jobs slowly until there were no more enough laborers in the farms. With the shifting of Chinese to other better jobs, the Hawaiians foreign minister decided to seek laborers elsewhere. This decision compelled the migration of Japanese to Hawaii to replace the Chinese who had quit working in the farms. In 1868, the first ship carrying Japanese immigrants arrived with 148 people in whom 141 were men, 6 were women, and two were children (Hanel 7). The working conditions were harsh and upon the termination of the contract; thus, some went back claiming tha t they were treated with so much cruelty. However, the remaining Japanese were the beginning of Japanese-American citizens at the time. The Chinese exclusion act, which was passed in 1882, prohibited further migration of Chinese and paved way for further Japanese immigration. In the preceding years, Japan and Hawaii signed a contract that allowed whites to import Japanese laborers. More and more Japanese immigrants occupied Hawaii and a group of Japanese ancestry arose. The native born Japanese by 1910 had grown up to one third of the total Hawaii’s population. By 1930, the native born Japanese in Hawaii was numerous and exceeded those born in Japan by a great percentage. They continued to work hard in the farms, and their skills consequently outweighed that of Native Americans bringing a stiff competition. Through their efforts, they were finally able to purchase their own lands, and this challenged the Native Americans who perceived them as a threat. Factors that contribute d to Japanese-Americans internment The internment of Japanese was marked by the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. The attack sprouted a historical landmark amongst American Japanese (Chin 5). Retaliation by the anti Japanese ran high and brought their internment. This was a painful moment for the Japanese and thousands of them died in the process. Shortly after the attack, President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized an order, to designate military boundaries within the US. Although the order was not targeted at anybody, it became the basis for

Week 8 Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 8 Group - Essay Example He also points out that all communication takes place via the firewall, which monitors all the incoming data before allowing it to go to the local network. As in the case with ABC Company, there are several reasons why the firewall was placed in between the internal and external domain. Firstly, the company reports that most of its employees are not privy to all the information. As such, a firewall is positioned between the internal and external domain so that their access and trust can carefully be predicted and monitored. The reason being, if their home machines which live outside of the firewall are interfered with, then the sensitive equipments found inside could also be at high risk of being compromised. Therefore, a firewall is put at the boundary to prevent security threats from external users. Secondly, the firewall is positioned in between the internal and external domain to provide security by examining all the incoming data packets from the general public so as to ensure that they are only allowed to enter the local network after meeting the security conditions. This prevents putting the internal domain at risk of sabotage among others. Anita (2010, p.294) notes that the firewall provide user authentication by approving the password and username, which ensures that only authorized users are allowed access to the internal domain. The other important reason why the firewall was placed between the internal and external domain is to hide the contents and structure of internal domain from external users. The company notes that it became necessary to hide some of the contents and structures found in the internal domain from unscrupulous users that may interfere with its contents and structure. Doing this was only possible by positioning the firewall at the boundary to ensure that the unscrupulous external users are totally denied access to the internal domain unless otherwise

Write an essay in which you argue for or against Globalization

Write an in which you argue for or against Globalization - Essay Example The largest publicly traded company is in China. The largest passenger airplane is built in Europe. The biggest movie industry is Indias Bollywood, not Hollywood. And in the most recent Forbes rankings, only two of the worlds 10 richest people are American (Zakaria, p.198). It is a fact that global wealth is currently shifting from the less heavily populated American and European region to the more heavily populated Asian region. At the same time, one should not forget the fact that, still US is the only superpower in this world. That is why America is causing huge damages to life and properties in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq in the name of war on terror. Even though Pakistan is a sovereign state and a nuclear power, they were forced to allow America to conduct its missions against Muslim fundamentalists from its soil. Who can forget the fact that America killed Osama without informing Pakistan about the attack which they were going to conduct on Pak soil. Pakistan forced to surrender to the pressure exerted by America because of the huge financial aids they receive from America. In other words, globalization helped Pakistan to gain more financial aids from America like countries; at the same time they forced to sacrifice their freedom and other li berties. Only within the moment of time represented by the present century has one species-man-acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world. During the past quarter century this power has not only increased to one of disturbing magnitude but it has changed in character. The most alarming of all mans assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air, earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials (Carson, p.402). One of the major drawbacks of globalization is the increasing Consumerism. Current markets all over the world are heavily competitive. People get good quality products for cheaper prices. Moreover, the living standards of the

Using accelerometer and EMG signals to estimate arm motion Dissertation

Using accelerometer and EMG signals to estimate arm motion - Dissertation Example Using accelerometer and EMG signals to estimate arm motion This study investigates a means to overcome this degradation through use of EMG signals combined with accelerometer signals to measure the upper arm static and dynamic acceleration. Both EMG signal and accelerometer inputs are fed into an artificial neural network. The artificial neural network continuously predicts arm movement trajectories. An offline time-delay Artificial Neural network (TDANN) is employed to predict the movement trajectories of the arm. The accuracy of prediction was judged by using a set of goniometer readings which provides the changes in the angles of the upper limb. All data was processed in the Matlab environment. The TDANN deployed was developed in the neural network toolbox present within the Matlab environment. The developed neural network was optimized and trained with different sets of inputs, and the results for each of the trails was noted. The results obtained clearly demonstrated that accelerometers are able to enhance pattern recognition and thus p rovide better prosthesis control. Neural Network Optimization and Prediction Performance The neural network structure used for the study is the TDANN. TDANN is a neural network architecture whose primary purpose is to function on continuous data. The major advantage of using TDANN on continuous data is its ability to adapt the network’s weights and activation function online by use of back propagation error method. (Fougner, et al., 2011). The networks can be visualized as a feed forward neural network which is trained for time series prediction. The architecture has continuous inputs that are delayed and sent into the network. In this study, the inputs to this neural network architecture were delayed time series; that is the previous values of 10 channels for 4 for EMG and 6 channels for accelerometers. The measured goniometer signals served as desired output of the TDANN and also as the present state of the time series. The usage of one- layer time delay artificial neural n etwork which is a feed forward structure allow us to predict continuous trajectories which is advantageous for a coordinated and simultaneous control of multiple degrees of freedom in a natural manner. The use of delayed input signals enabled the neural network to capture dynamic input-output properties and account for the delay between the onset of the muscle activity and mechanical arm movement (the activation of the hardware motors in the prosthesis) (Fougner, et al., 2011). TDANN have also an advantage of rapid training time when compared to the dynamic neural networks with recurrent connections. We investigated using a TDANN to predict the elbow flexion degrees, wrist flexion degrees, wrist deviation degrees and forearm rotation degrees based on EMG information from the available intact muscles in transhumeral amputation patients. The EMG information was combined with the accelerometer information about the upper arm and the upper trunk orientations. A one layer time-delay arti ficial neural network (TDANN) was created using Matlab’s neural network toolbox; this network was used to capture the time-series data (EMG and accelerometer signals as an input with the goniometers and torsiometer signals as output). The size of the hidden layer was set by default to be 10 neurons and the network was trained then the hidden layer size was increased to 25 then to 35 and the performance of the network was monitored. TDANN with 35 neuron hidden layer size was then chosen. The network used 2 input delays to allow building a dynamic network, which has memory so

Discussion Questions and Participation Questions Essay - 2

Discussion Questions and Participation Questions - Essay Example Along with English which the universal business language websites must the capacity to translate its material to other popular languages such as Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Japanese. Doing so will increase the reach of the corporate website. Two issues that are important in international transactions are foreign exchange transactions and regulatory compliances. When doing business international companies have to interchange money. Due to the fact that different countries utilize other monetary units other than the dollar the business transactions internationally have to take into consideration the foreign exchange market. A way to protect itself against the risk of a monetary unit going up in the value is to write business contracts in which the parties stipulate the monetary unit that is going to be utilized. Another important issue in international business transactions is the local environmental regulations. Depending on the nation there are different regulations. Performing research on the local laws that apply in international location is the best way to reduce business risk associated with regulatory compliance. You mentioned the importance of knowing the foreign language and the culture of the people. Misunderstanding about cultural issues can lead to major mistakes. For example in India people considered the cow a sacred animal. Fast food chains such as McDonald’s and Wendy’s would be making a major mistake if they tried to penetrate the India marketplace with their traditional products. In some cultures such as the Chinese culture body language is important. Americans are less formal about body language gestures. Professional databases such as CultureGrams provide great information about the cultures of the different countries in the world. The proliferation of online shopping has become a factor companies cannot ignore anymore. In 2009 e-commerce generated nearly $132 billion in sales in the United States

Communication journal Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication journal - Article Example The leader is also important in ensuring that that communication within the group is effective – that there are no elements of dictation from them or other group members. The leader also serves the important role of facilitating the process of designing and meeting objectives and the course of action, so as to get the response expected from the audience (LaFasto & Larson, 2001). b). Establishing an agenda on how to meet the goals of the group is also very important to the success of group presentation, as the agenda defines the clarity of the group’s goals. Through establishing the agenda, the group is able to narrow down to the areas that are important for the presentation and the expected results. Through the agenda on meeting goals: the leadership guides the actions and the preparations of the group, to ensure that they fall within the range, which counts towards the realization of the goals. Through establishing the agenda, the group gets a sense of direction, givin g preference to areas of priority and areas that should be addressed first. Through the agenda, the group is able to tie down all individual presentations into one whole, to ensure that there is coherence in meeting the set goals. Through establishing the agenda, unifying elements become evident, from the overall scheme and it helps develop the link between the different elements. From doing this, the entire group develops an understanding of the role to be played by each member – towards meeting goals, and that the individual roles blend together to form the desired discussion. Establishing the agenda guides group preparation, helps in giving rehearsals a sense order, and the links between introductions and transitions are established. Through the agenda, reflection is directed towards different aspects of presentation (LaFasto & Larson, 2001). c). Encouraging group members to express their opinions and to ask questions is very important, as the core aim of group work is to promote the development of a range of skills, including communication and interpersonal skills. Through encouraging the members to express their opinions and to ask questions, their input is captured, and their contribution towards the success of the group’s goals is guaranteed. Under ideal conditions, the group’s presentation should incorporate the input and the participation of each member, which can only be guaranteed through incorporating the opinions of the different members and addressing their questions, so that they do not weaken the entire presentation (LaFasto & Larson, 2001). d). Encouraging group members to know one another is somewhat important, as group presentation do not fully rely on the personal interaction existing between members. For instance, multinational congresses feature presentations, where different members of the presentation group have not met, but it is important that the boundaries of their presentation are clearly defined. However, know ing one another is important, as it can help in assigning different roles to members, responsibilities and presentation areas that are favored by the skills they posses. For instance, technical areas of the presentation are better presented by members who have background knowledge in technical concepts. However, the

Tuberculosis Undergraduate Essay Example for Free

Tuberculosis Undergraduate Essay Abstract Tuberculosis is a good example of the importance of the ecological balance between host and parasite in infectious disease. Hosts are not usually aware of pathogens that invade the body and are defeated. If defenses fail, however, hosts become very much aware of the resulting disease. Several factors may affect host resistance levels—the presence of other illness and physiological and environmental factors such as malnutrition, overcrowding, and stress. Tuberculosis is most commonly acquired by inhaling the tubercle bacillus. Only very fine particles containing one to three bacilli reach the lungs, where they are usually phagocytized by a macrophage in the alveoli. The macrophages of a healthy individual usually destroy the bacilli. I. Introduction Tuberculosis is or TB is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs. The most common form is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slender, rod-like bacterium commonly called the tubercle bacillus. The tubercle bacillus is very hardy, surviving when many other bacteria cannot. In addition to affecting the lungs, tuberculosis can affect almost all other organs of the body. Tuberculosis, which in the past called phthisis and consumption, has afflicted man for thousands of years. Evidence of the disease has been found in Egyptian mummies. Tuberculosis was once a leading cause of death in all age groups, but its severity has decreased with improved medical care and better living standards. Most persons have a natural resistance to the tubercle bacillus. Even though large numbers of persons, especially in cities, become infected by the bacillus early in life, only a small percentage actually develops the disease (Orrett Shurland, 2001). This paper intent to: (1) know the occurrence of tuberculosis and how it is being spread; (2) be aware of its symptoms and detection and; (3) figure out its treatment and control. II. Background Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slender rod and an obligate aerobe. The rods grow slowly (20-hour generation time), sometimes form filaments and tend to grow in clumps. On the surface liquid media, their growth appears moldlike, which suggested the genus name Mycobacterium, from the Greek mykes, meaning fungus. These bacteria are relatively resistant to normal staining procedures. When stained by the ZiehlNeelson or Kinyoun technique that stains the cell with carbolfuchsin dye, they cannot be decolorized with a mixture of acid and alcohol and are therefore classified as acid-fast. This characteristic reflects the unusual composition of the cell wall, which contains large amounts of lipid materials (American Thoracic Society, 2000). These lipids might also be responsible for the resistance of mycobacteria to environmental stresses, such as drying. In fact, these bacteria can survive for weeks in dried sputum and are very resistant to chemical antimicrobials used as antiseptics and disinfectants. Tuberculosis is a good example of the importance of the ecological balance between host and parasite in infectious disease. Hosts are not usually aware of pathogens that invade the body and are defeated. If defenses fail, however, hosts become very much aware of the resulting disease. Several factors may affect host resistance levels—the presence of other illness and physiological and environmental factors such as malnutrition, overcrowding, and stress (Weiss, 2000). Tuberculosis is most commonly acquired by inhaling the tubercle bacilli reach the lungs, where they are usually phagocytized by a macrophage in the alveoli. The macrophages of a healthy individual usually destroy the bacilli. If they do not, the macrophages actually protect the microbe from the chemical and immunological defenses of the body, and many of the bacilli survive and multiply within the macrophage (American Thoracic Society, 2000). These macrophages eventually lyse, releasing an increased number of pathogens. The tubercle bacilli released from dying macrophages form a lesion. A hypersensitivity reaction against these organisms causes formation of a tubercle, which effectively walls off the pathogen. These small lumps are characteristics of tuberculosis and give the disease its name. Tubercles are composed of packed masses of tissue cells and the disintegration products of bacilli and leukytes; they usually have a necrotic center. Few bacteria are present in the tubercle (Diehl, 2003). The tubercle bacillus does not produce any injurious toxins. Tissue damage is mostly from the hypersensitivity reaction. As the reaction continues, the tubercle undergoes necrosis and eventually forms a caseous lesion that has a cheeselike consistency. If the caseous lesions heal, they become are called Ghon complexes. If the disease is not arrested at this point, the caseous lesions progress to liquefaction. An air-filled tuberculous cavity is formed from the caseous lesion. Conditions within the cavity favor the proliferation of the tubercle bacillus, which then grows for the first time extracellularly. Bacilli soon reach very large members, and eventually the lesion ruptures, releasing the microorganisms into the blood and lymphatic system (American Thoracic Society and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2000). This condition of rapidly spreading infection that overwhelms the body’s remaining defenses is called miliary tuberculosis (the name is derived from the numerous millet seed-sized tubercles formed in the infected tissues). This condition leads to a progressive disease characterized by loss of weight, coughing (often with a show of blood), and general loss of vigor. (At one time, tuberculosis was commonly was known as consumption.) Even when patients are considered cured, tubercle bacilli often remain in the lung, and the disease may be reactivated. Reactivation may be precipitated by old age, poor nutrition, or immunosuppression. III. Discussion A. Occurrence and Spread When a person with tuberculosis coughs or sneezes, tiny droplets containing thousands of tubercle bacilli are sprayed into the air. The disease is spread when non-infected persons inhale the bacilli thus released into the air. A person can also contract tuberculosis by drinking unpasteurized milk from cows having the disease. This form of tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis. Resistance to tuberculosis depends largely upon the general health of the individual. Persons who are undernourished or weakened by disease are more likely to develop tuberculosis. Outbreaks tend to occur in areas with crowded living conditions, such as nursing homes and prisons (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003). About 90 percent of tuberculosis infections occur first in the lungs. Tuberculosis of the lungs is called pulmonary tuberculosis. When tubercle bacilli are inhaled into the lungs, they are either destroyed by white blood cells or surrounded by special cells and fibers in the infected area of the lung, forming tiny nodules called tubercles. If the immune system is effective, the bacteria are kept from multiplying and an active case of tuberculosis does not develop. In some cases, however, the bacteria enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system and are carried to other parts of the body. The bacteria usually lodge in the brain, kidneys, bones, or heart (Murray, 2000). B. Symptoms and Detection Early pulmonary tuberculosis commonly gives no specific warning. Later, fatigue, weight loss, or a low fever may be the only symptoms. In advanced stages, severe coughing, hoarseness, chest pain and the appearance of blood in the sputum (a mixture of saliva and discharges from the respiratory passages) can occur. If the patient is untreated and his resistance is low, large areas of lung tissue can be destroyed and there is considerable weight loss. The best way of detecting infection by tubercle bacilli is by means of a tuberculin test. In a tuberculin test, tuberculin—a liquid containing substance obtained from tubercle bacilli—is injected between the layers of the skin. After 48 to 72 hours, the point of injection is examined for redness and swelling (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003). A tuberculin test will reveal whether a person has been infected by tubercle bacilli, but it will not indicate whether he has an active case of the disease. Diagnosis of active tuberculosis can usually be made by a chest X ray and other tests. Diseased areas of the lungs usually cast a characteristic shadow on the X-ray film. Another method of diagnosis involves a microscopic examination of the patient’s sputum for the presence of tubercle bacilli (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003). C. Treatment and Control Prior to 1945, practically the only methods for treating tuberculosis were prolonged bed rest and (in advanced cases) immobilization of the infected lung by collapsing it. Since the time, drugs have been produced that can stop the tubercle bacilli from multiplying, thus allowing the natural defenses of the body to be effective. The most important of these drugs are streptomycin (INH). In addition, improved surgical techniques permit the safe removal of areas of the lung where infection persists despite treatment with drugs (American Thoracic Society, 2000). Most important in tuberculosis control is early detection, so that persons with the disease can be treated and isolated from others. A vaccine known as BCG can create immunity to tuberculosis. However, in the United States this vaccine is recommended only in special circumstances. One reason is that vaccinated persons react positively to a tuberculin test and therefore cannot be differential from infected persons. D. Planning and Goals The major goals for the patient include maintenance of a patient airway, increased knowledge about the disease and treatment regimen and adherence to the medication regimen, increased activity tolerance, and absence of complications. E. Nursing Interventions a.) Promoting Airway Clearance Copious secretions obstruct the airways in many patients with TB and interfere with adequate gas exchange. Increasing fluid intake promotes systematic hydration and serves as an effective expectorant. The nurse instructs the patient about correct positioning to facilitate airway drainage (Diehl, 2003). b.) Advocating Adherence to Treatment Regimen The multiple- medication regimen that a patient must follow can be quite complex. Understanding the medications, schedule, and side effects is important. The patient must understand that TB is a communicable disease and that taking medications is the most effective means of preventing transmission. The major reason treatment fails is that patients do not take their medications regularly and for the prescribed duration. The nurse carefully instructs the patient about important hygiene measures, including mouth care, covering the mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, proper disposal of tissues, and hand hygiene (Diehl, 2003). c.) Promoting Activity and Adequate Nutrition Patients with TB are often deliberated from a prolonged chronic illness and impaired nutritional status. The nurse plans a progressive activity schedule that focuses on increasing activity tolerance and muscle strength. Anorexia, weight loss, and malnutrition are common in patients with TB. The patient’s willingness to eat may be altered by fatigue from excessive coughing, sputum production, chest pain, generalized debilitated state, or cost, if the person has few resources. A nutritional plan that allows for small, frequent meals may be required. Liquid nutritional supplements may assist in meeting basic caloric requirements (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003). F. Monitoring and Managing Potential Complications a.) Malnutrition This may be a consequence of the patient’s lifestyle, lack of knowledge about adequate nutrition and its role in health maintenance, lack of resources, fatigue, or lack of appetite because of coughing and mucus production. To counter the effects of these factors, the nurse collaborates with dietitian, physician, social worker, family, and patient to identify strategies to ensure an adequate nutritional intake and availability of nutritious food. Identifying facilities that provide meals in the patient’s neighborhood may increase the likelihood that the patient with limited resources and energy will have access to a more nutritious intake (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003). High-calorie nutritional supplements may be suggested as a strategy for increasing dietary intake using food products normally found in the home. Purchasing food supplements may be beyond the patient’s budget, but a dietitian can help develop recipes to increase calorie intake despite minimal resources. IV. Conclusion In conclusion, persons infected with tuberculosis develop cell-mediated immunity against the bacterium. This form of immune response, rather than humoral immunity, is because the pathogen is located mostly within macrophages. This immunity, involving sensitized T cells, is the basis for the tuberculin skin test. In this test, a purified protein derivative (PPD) of the tuberculosis bacterium, derived by precipitation from broth cultures, is injected continuously. If the injected person has been infected with tuberculosis in the past, sensitized T cells react with these proteins and a delayed hypersensitivity reactions appears in about 48 hours. This reaction appears as an induration (hardening) and reddening of the area around the injection site. Probably the most accurate tuberculin test is the Mantoux test, in which dilutions of 0.1 ml of antigen are injected and the reacting area of the skin is measured. A number of similar tests are also in common use. A positive tuberculin test in the very young is a probable indication of an active case of tuberculosis. In older persons, it might indicate only hypersensitivity resulting from a previous infection or vaccination, not a current active case. Nonetheless, it is an indication that further examination is needed, such as a chest X-ray for the detection of lung lesions and attempts to isolate the bacterium. References: 1. American Thoracic Society (2000). Diagnostic standards and classification of tuberculosis in adults and children. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 161 (4), 1376-1395. 2. American Thoracic Society and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000). Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent infection. American Journal of respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 161 (4), S221-S247. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2003). Essential components of a tuberculosis prevention and control program: recommendations of the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis. MMWR Modibity and Mortality Weekly Report, 44 (RR-11), 1-16. 4. Diehl, H. S. (2003). The Health of College Students. American Council on Education. Washington, DC. 5. Murray, J. F. (2000). Intensive Care: A Doctors Journal. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA. 6. Orrett, Fitzroy A. Shurland, Simone M. (2001).Knowledge and Awareness of Tuberculosis among Pre-University Students in Trinidad Journal of Community Health, Vol. 26. 7. Weiss, R. â€Å"TB troubles.† Science News 133:92-93, 2000. Discusses reasons for the recent increase in tuberculosis in the United States.